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by: Archimedes O. Bayquen, RPh, MPH The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been described many years ago as a division of the peripheral nervous system. It is subdivided into Parasympathetic (Rest and Digest, Conservative and Restorative function) and the Sympathetic (fight, flight, fright, stress response). The Enteric Nervous system is also a division of the ANS consisting of Myenteric or Auerbach plexus and submucous/Meissner’s plexus. The ANS is involuntary, automatic, unconscious response. Think of whenever you breathe and whenever your heart is beating. You don’t utilize your conscious control to initiate and sustain their function as they do their job independently without your control even when you are at sleep.Most of the organs in our body are dually innervated by both branches. Only very few are not—worth mentioning are the sympathetic cholinergic sweat glands in the skin and the blood vessels. Let us very briefly take a look at how these two systems differ. In ter...

by: Archimedes O. Bayquen, RPh, MPH MORSE TYPE. The following questions have one or more correct answers. Use the notations given below: A           Only answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B           Only answers 1 and 2 are correct C           Only answers 3 and 4 are correct D           All answers are correct E                       All answers are incorrect 1.      A characteristics of Erroneous Prescription:                          E (1) When only the generic name is written but it is not legible. (2) When the...

by: Archimedes O. Bayquen, RPh, MPH Pharmacology is the study of drugs or in laymen’s term more commonly referred to as medications. Drugs are any substances that can alter the physiological functioning of the body. The official and more complete definition of drugs can be found in United States Pharmacopeia. Brief History Drugs are beneficial to the society. As old as man himself, drugs were used a very long time ago. During the very early times, incantations/ prayers by shamans and spiritual healers were employed as treatment of disease. In the ancient civilization, herbs, plant extracts, natural chemicals, biologic products were used by the Egyptians, Sumerians, Chinese and many others. Paracelsus, the Father of Pharmacology is recognized for his many contributions in the field. Many personalities like Galen and Dioscorides, Alexander Fleming, Paul Erhlich, Jenner, etc have also contributed much to the field of pharmacology from herbal formulation of ointments, creams to...

We take things for granted nowadays. The shelter we live, the water   supply we have, the electricity that powers are home, the road we travel every day, the air we breathe, the relationships we have, the love of God, the present moment—a lovely Gift, precious yet precocious. We fail to be grateful for having a family despite its imperfection. We fail to thank the people who nurtured us for reaching this far. Everyone who has a role in maintaining the society is important and needs to be appreciated. How many of us have shown appreciation to the driver who delivered us to our destination safely? A simple “thank you” or a simple act of kindness in the form of respect will do. How many of us have thanked our teachers for dedicating their time and effort to educate us? Instead, we complained for they are giving us a lot of projects, quizzes, exams and academic demands that are too burdensome. How many of us have shown our deepest regard to our parents for bringing us on Earth, a...